Searches for Wave-Like Dark Matter with Quantum Networks

15 Aug 2022, 09:00 → 19 Aug 2022, 22:30 Europe/Berlin

02.430 (Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University)

Click here for a video of the whole three-week wavy-dark-matter event.

 

Using networks of sensors generating time tagged data has been shown to be a powerful tool in the search for dark matter (DM) [1-8] and other signatures of beyond-the-standard-model physics [9]. The here proposed workshop aims at developing these ideas further. Specifically, we want to promote collaboration between experiments using quantum sensor networks to search for new physics. For this to be as useful as possible, there will be focused discussions on theoretical ideas, experimental platforms, as well as practical considerations such as procedures for data time tagging, storage, and analysis.

This workshop is part of the "wavy dark matter summer 2022" in Bad Honnef and Mainz, https://www.wavydarkmatter.org/.

[1] Derevianko and Pospolov, Hunting for topological dark matter with atomic clocks, Nature Physics 10, 933–936 (2014)
[2] S. Afach et al., Search for topological defect dark matter with a global network of optical magnetometers, Nature Physics 17, 1396-1401 (2021)
[3] Michael A. Fedderke, Peter W. Graham, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, and Saarik Kalia, Earth as a transducer for dark-photon dark-matter detection, Phys. Rev. D 104, 075023 (2021).
[4] Michael A. Fedderke, Peter W. Graham, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, and Saarik Kalia, Search for dark-photon dark matter in the SuperMAG geomagnetic field dataset, Phys. Rev. D 104, 095032 (2021)
[5] Graham, P. W., Kaplan, D. E., Mardon, J., Rajendran, S., & Terrano, W. A. (2016). Dark matter direct detection with accelerometers. Physical Review D, 93(7), 075029
[6] Benjamin M. Roberts, Geoffrey Blewitt, Conner Dailey, Mac Murphy, Maxim Pospelov, Alex Rollings, Jeff Sherman, Wyatt Williams, Andrei Derevianko. (2017). Search for domain wall dark matter with atomic clocks on board global positioning system satellites. Nature communications, 8(1), 1-9
[7] Andrei Derevianko, Detecting dark-matter waves with a network of precision-measurement tools, Physical Review A 97, no. 4 (2018): 042506
[8] Roberts, Benjamin M., Pacome Delva, Ali Al-Masoudi, Anne Amy-Klein, Christian Baerentsen, C. F. A. Baynham, Erik Benkler et al., Search for transient variations of the fine structure constant and dark matter using fiber-linked optical atomic clocks, New Journal of Physics 22, no. 9 (2020): 093010
[9] C. Dailey, C. Bradley, D. F. Jackson Kimball, I. A. Sulai, S. Pustelny, A. Wickenbrock, and A. Derevianko, Quantum sensor networks as exotic field telescopes for multi-messenger astronomy, Nature Astronomy 5, 150 (2021).

Monday 15 August

1 Welcome address

Speaker: Matthias Neubert (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz)

2 Introduction

Speaker: Prof. Derek Jackson Kimball

DM-Searches-with-Sensor-Networks-2022.pptx

10:30 Coffee break

3 Results and future prospects of the search for Axion domain walls using the Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic physics (GNOME)

The Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic physics (GNOME) is a network of geographically separated, time-synchronized atomic magnetometers and co-magnetometers in magnetically shielded environments³. This configuration allows monitoring the Zeemann levels energy splitting of an atomic ensemble continuously and simultaneously at different places of the globe.

Axion-like particles could form topological defects in the form of domain walls. The axion-like field gradient contained in the domain wall may couple with the spin of the Standard Model particles which will perturb the Zeemann levels. A time-domain analysis method was developed to look for signal patterns compatible with a domain-wall⁴. The results and methods of the analysis of the science run performed between the 29th of November and the 22nd of December 2017 will be presented⁵. Since then GNOME has gathered a large amount of data which possibilities reaching better sensitivity to domain walls. Additionally, the data quality have been improved by the implementation of check routines. Challenges and improvements posed by the new data will be discussed.

¹ This word is supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovative Program under Grant agreement No. 695405 and the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+
² Helmholtz Institut Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, 55099 Mainz, Germany
³ S. Afach, D. Budker et al., Physics of the Dark Universe, 22, 162-180 (2018).
⁴ H.Masia-Roig, J. A. Smiga et al., Physics of the Dark Universe, 28, 100494 (2020).
⁵ S. Afach, Ben C. Buchler et al., Nature Physics volume 17, pages 1396–1401 (2021)

Speaker: Mr Hector Masia-Roig (Helmholtz institute Mainz)

1-l8iukOHRM2fF2f_fmANYO7dzZGKmDK2.pdf

12:00 Lunch break

4 Ultralight Dark Matter Searches Using the Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic Physics (GNOME)

Not only optical magnetometers are the most sensitive sensors of magnetic fields, but they may also be used for searches of non-magnetic spin couplings, including those associated with interaction with dark matter. In particular, GNOME uses the magnetometers to search for the ultralight dark matter (axions and axion-like particles). The talk will cover selected dark-matter spin-dependent scenarios that can be investigated using GNOME. They include searches for dark-matter topological defects (domain walls) and stochastic fluctuations of the dark-matter field. Specific attention will be paid to the presentation of data analysis methods.

Speaker: Mr Grzegorz Lukasiewicz (Jagiellonian University)

MITP_Workshop_Intensity_Interferometry.pdf

5 New prospects for the axion dark-matter search brought by the advanced GNOME sensor

In recent years, optically-pumped magnetometers (OPMs) have been successfully used for setting new constraints on possible parameters of transient exotic spin couplings of axion dark matter [1]. This was achieved with the help of the Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic physics searches (GNOME), being a world-wide network of synchronized magnetometers located in Europe, Asia, Australia, and USA. However, the GNOME network can be improved by implementing a new type of sensors that is less prone to magnetic-field noise. This can be achieved by implementation a noble-gas-alkali-metal comagnetometers [2]. These sensors allow a sensitivity gain to exotic spin couplings of protons and neutrons of three to five orders of magnitude. Moreover, in certain conditions comagnetometers allow to distinguish between magnetic and nonmagnetic spin perturbations [3]. This is a significant advantage of the system compared to the conventionally used OPMs, as it allows to discriminate nonmagnetic couplings events.

We will present the results of the tests of the system with nonmagnetic spin couplings generated with rotation and AC Stark effect, which was used to simulate nonmagnetic spin perturbations targeted by GNOME. We will also discuss other particular dark-matter signatures, that can be observed with the sensor.

Speaker: Klinger Emmanuel (HIM)

15:30 Coffee break

6 The sombrero potential and symmetry breaking

Speaker: Felix Yu (Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz)

16:00 Work/Discussion

7 Presentation via Zoom by Noah Brayali

Tuesday 16 August

8 Search for Boson Stars Using the Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic Physics (GNOME)

Since the discovery of dark matter in our universe, numerous possible candidates have been proposed to explain its existence and composition. One of the candidates is the Ultralight axion-like particles, existing in the form of domain walls or boson stars, caused by topology or self-interactions. The Global Network of Optical Magnetometers to search for Exotic Physics (GNOME) looks for a transient signal caused by exotic-spin couplings as the Earth passes through such composite dark matter objects. We describe an analysis method for the GNOME data that is sensitive to bosons stars based on the excess power technique.

Speaker: Druhv Tandon (Oberlin College)

10:30 Coffee break

9 Search for exotic low-mass fields with a global magnetometer network

The Global Network of Optical Magnetometers for Exotic physics searches (GNOME) is a network of geographically separated, time-synchronized, optically pumped atomic magnetometers searching for correlated transient signals that might herald exotic physics [1]. Quantum sensor networks provide an additional tool in multi-messenger astronomy to prove high-energy astrophysical events for signals by beyond-standard-model theories. We present a method to use the GNOME to search for coherent, intense bursts of exotic low-mass fields (ELFs) that could be produced alongside gravitational waves (GWs) [2] and fast radio bursts (FRBs). Candidate events are first identified with a model agnostic excess power search [3] and then subjected to a generalized likelihood test. Empirical distributions are employed in both stages to remove explicit assumptions about noise characteristics. We construct Feldman-Cousins confidence belts [4] to constrain detectable ELF signal amplitudes and couplings to standard-model fermions.

[1] S. Afach, D. Budker et al., Physics of the Dark Universe, 22, 162-180 (2018)

[2] Dailey, C., Bradley, C., Jackson Kimball, D.F. et al., Nat Astron 5, 150–158 (2021)

[3] W. G. Anderson, P. R. Brady, et al., Phys. Rev. D 63, 042003 (2001)

[4] G. J. Feldman and R. D. Cousins Phys., Rev. D 57, 3873 (1998)

Speaker: Sami Khamis (UCLA)

12:00 Lunch

10 A novel mixed species In/Yb ion optical clock

We present first optical clock measurements of an indium multi-ion clock with sympathetically cooled Coulomb crystals. The indium absolute frequency was measured against PTBs cesium fountains. The optical frequency ratio of the 115In+ ion clock transition has been measured against optical clocks at PTB, INRIM and SYRTE in an international clock comparison campaigne. The concept of a mixes-species optical clock and uncertainties of multi-ion operation are discussed.

Speaker: Prof. Tanja Mehlstaeubler (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt)

slides_TM.pdf

15:30 Coffee break

11 Felix Yu continued

Speaker: Felix Yu (Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz)

16:00 Work/discussion

Wednesday 17 August

12 Dark matter searches and Quantum techniques at the QDM labs at UWA

Speaker: Prof. Michael Tobar

QuantumNetworks.pdf

10:30 Coffee break

13 Dark Spectroscopy

Dark matter could be made up of dark photons, massive but very light particles whose interactions with matter resemble those of usual photons but suppressed by a small mixing parameter. We analyze the main approaches to dark photon interactions and how they can be applied to direct detection experiments which test different ranges of masses and mixings. A new experiment based on counting dark photons from induced atomic transitions in a target material is proposed. This approach appears to be particularly appropriate for dark photon detection in the meV mass range, extending the constraints in the mixing parameter by up to eight orders of magnitude with respect to previous experiments.

Speaker: Jose E.R. Cembranos (Universidad Complutense de Madrid & IPARCOS)

12:00 Lunch

14 Dissecting Axion and Dark Photon with A Network of Vector Sensors

We develop formalisms for a network of vector sensors, sensitive to certain spatial components of the signals, to identify the properties of light axion or dark photon background. These bosonic fields contribute to vector-like signals in the detectors, including effective magnetic fields triggering the spin precession, effective electric currents in a shielded room, and forces on the matter. The interplay between a pair of vector sensors and a baseline that separates them can potentially uncover rich information of the bosons, including angular distribution, polarization modes, source localization, and macroscopic circular polarization. Using such a network, one can identify the microscopic nature of a potential signal, such as distinguishing between the axion-fermion coupling and the dipole couplings with the dark photon.

Speaker: Yifan Chen (ITP-CAS)

Network_MITP_220817.pdf

15 Testing Lorentz symmetry in a single ytterbium ion

: In an effort to formulate a quantum consistent theory of gravitation, it is suggested that Lorentz symmetry might be broken. We search for such an effects with precision spectroscopy of a trapped ytterbium ion in a Michelson-Morley type experiment. Rf spectroscopy in the meta-stable F-manifold enables a direct comparison of the orthogonally oriented atomic orbitals with coherence times of more than 1s. With this scheme, we have reached the highest sensitivity to date and have improved the bounds of the Lorentz symmetry breaking coefficients to the 10^-21 level. These results represent the best test of Lorentz symmetry in the electron-photon sector.

Speaker: Laura Dreissen (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt)

Presentation_LauraDreissen.pdf

15:30 Coffee break

16:00 Work/discussion

Thursday 18 August

16 Quantum Networks of Sensors

Speaker: Julian Martinez-Rincon

10:30 Coffee break

17 Ultralight dark matter searches at the mHz frontier with atom multi-gradiometry

Single-photon atom gradiometry is a powerful experimental technique that can be employed to search for the oscillation of atomic transition energies induced by ultra-light scalar dark matter (ULDM). Previous studies have focused on the sensitivity reach of these experiments down to ULDM masses of order ~0.1 Hz, below which gravity gradient noise (GGN) is expected to dominate over atom shot noise (ASN). In this work, after presenting a likelihood-based analysis that simultaneously accounts for a DM signal in an underground GGN and ASN background, we quantify for ULDM searches the potential benefit of a vertical multi-gradiometer experiment, which consists of three or more coupled atom interferometers along the same baseline, thus showing how GGN underground can be mitigated if not entirely cancelled in specific gradiometer configurations. Hence, we provide more robust projections for the sensitivity of vertical gradiometers like AION to scalar ULDM down to e-3 Hz, where scalar DM parameter space is still unconstrained by other experiments.

Speaker: Leonardo Badurina (King’s College London)

12:00 Lunch

18 Earth as a transducer for ultralight dark-matter detection

In this talk, I will propose the use of the Earth as a transducer for ultralight dark-matter detection. In particular I will point out a novel signal of both kinetically mixed dark-photon dark matter and axionlike dark matter: a monochromatic oscillating magnetic field generated at the surface of the Earth. Similar to the signal in a laboratory experiment in a shielded box (or cavity), this signal arises because the lower atmosphere is a low-conductivity air gap sandwiched between the highly conductive interior of the Earth below and ionosphere or interplanetary medium above. For dark-photon dark matter, the kinetic mixing with the Standard Model photon allows dark matter to convert into an observable magnetic field inside this cavity, while for axion dark matter, the background geomagnetic field of the Earth allows the axion to convert through its coupling to photons. The magnetic field signal of ultralight dark matter in a laboratory detector is usually suppressed by the size of the detector. Crucially, in our case the suppression is by the radius of the Earth, and not by the (much smaller) height of the atmosphere. The magnetic field signal exhibits a global vectorial pattern that is spatially coherent across the Earth, which enables sensitive searches for this signal using unshielded magnetometers dispersed over the surface of the Earth. I will summarize the results of such a search using a publicly available dataset from the SuperMAG collaboration. The dark-photon dark matter constraints from this search are complementary to existing astrophysical bounds, and the axion dark matter constraints are comparable to the bounds obtained by the CAST helioscope. Future searches for this signal may improve the sensitivity over a wide range of masses for both ultralight dark-matter candidates.

Speaker: Saarik Kalia (Stanford University)

wavydmtalk.pdf

19 Testing the mean field description of scalar field dark matter

The nature of dark matter, one of the major components of the cosmic standard model, remains one of the outstanding problems in physics. One interesting model is scalar field dark matter (SFDM), which fits naturally into observations in both particle physics and cosmology. Simulations and calculations using SFDM often use a classical field approximation (MFT) of the underlying quantum field theory. And while it is suspected that large occupation numbers make this description good in the early universe, it is possible that this approximation fails during nonlinear structure growth and begins to admit important quantum corrections. To investigate this possibility, we compare simulations using the MFT to those that take into account these corrections. By studying their behavior as we scale the total number of particles in the system we can estimate how long the MFT remains an accurate description of the system. We estimate this time scale for a typical halo may be of order ~300 Myr. In this talk we will explain how these simulations are performed, as well as their results, and their potential implications.

Speaker: Andrew Eberhardt (Stanford University)

15:30 Coffee break

20 Dense cold atomic samples with narrow lines

Speaker: Amar Vutha

16:00 Work/discussion

Friday 19 August

21 The Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiments

Speaker: Hendrik Bekker (Helmholtz Institute Mainz, JGU Mainz)

10:30 Coffee break

22 The Sensitivity of Spin-Precession Axion Experiments

Speaker: Jacob Leedom

JML_NMR_Part2 (2).pdf

12:00 Lunch

13:30 Work/discussion

23 Formation of axion stars and halos

Speaker: Joshua Eby